ENGLISH XII MUH AMIN

THE USING AND KINDS OF ENGLISH TEXTS

AS A FINAL ASSIGNMENT FOR THE THIRD CLASS STUDENTS OF SMA NEGERI 11 MAROS BARU

Tugas Ini Merupakan Salah Satu Persyaratan Untuk Memenuhi Kewajiban

Sebagai Siswa Kelas XII SMA Negeri 11 Maros Baru

OLEH

NAME : MUH AMIN

CLASS : XII

NIS/NISN : 110602

PROGRAM : IPA²

SMA NEGERI 11 MAROS BARU

DINAS PENDIDKAN KAB. MAROS

TAHUN 2014

PREFACE

Al-hamdulillah buku “TUGAS FORTOPOLIO” ini telah selesai tersusun. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan siswa SMA sesuai dengan kurikulum yang berbasis kompetensi dan berkarakter.

Buku ini berisi 13 macam jenis teks yang harus dipelajari siswa SMA mulai dari kelas X sampai XII.

Dalam buku ini disajikan jenis-jenis teks beserta ciri-ciri umumnya, yaitu tujuan , struktur, kebahasaan, contoh-contoh teks dan masing-masing teks.

Penyusun menyampaikan rasa terima kasih kepada guru pembimbing yang telah memberikan kami tugas ini .

Mudah-mudahan mendapat ridha Allah SWT dan menyebabkan ilmu yang bermanfaat amin.

Maros,28,desember,2013

Penyusun

Muh amin

DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR…………………………………………………………………

DAFTAR ISI……………………………………………………………………………

PENDAHULUAN………………………………………………………………………

PEMBAHASAN

Teks 1: RECOUNT TEXT ……………………………………………….

Teks 2: PROCEDURE TEXT…………………………………………….

Teks 3: DESCRIPTIVE TEXT……………………………………………

Teks 4:NARATIVE TEXT………………………………………………..

Teks 5: REPORT TEXT…………………………………………………..

Teks 6: ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT…………………………..

Teks 7: HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT………………………….

Teks 8: SPOOF TEXT…………………………………………………….

Teks 9: EXPLANATION TEXT………………………………………….

Teks 10: DISCUSSION TEXT…………………………………………….

Teks 11: REVIEW TEXT………………………………………………….

Teks 12: ANECDOTE TEXT……………………………………………..

Teks 13: NEWS ITEM TEXT……………………………………………..

PENUTUP

KESIMPULAN ………………………………………………………………………….

SARAN …………………………………………………………………………………

DAFTAR PUSTAKA…………………………………………………………………….

INTRODUCTION

a. The Background of the Analysis

In English there are several types of text or commonly referred to as Genre. Genre classification in English depengaruhi by several things, including: Objectives author wrote the text, the function of the text, the structure of language (Generic Structure) is used, the characteristics of which language is used in the text.

b. Rumusan

Types of Text studied English as the primary learning material in English subjects to high school. Most of the time when studying English Types of Text spent to discuss Generic Structure and Language Features diganakan as material that compose a text. Features Generic structure and language is what made the difference in any type of existing English text.

c. purpose

There are 13 kinds of texts in English that we know that starting from Narrative Text, Recount Text, Procedure Text, Report Text, Analyticl Exposition Text, Hortatory Exposition Text, Explanation Text, Descriptive Text, Text, Discussion, News Item Text, Review Text, anecdote Text, Spoof Text.

1.RECOUNT TEXT

Communicative purpose: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
Generic Structure:

1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)

2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)

3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

Language features Recount:

Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
Use of adverbial phrases=
Use of adjectives

Example

My life was My Adventure

I was one of students who liked an adventure. It could be proven from the extracurricular that I took in my school for the example hiking. I really liked in doing hiking especially to reach the top of mountain. Even though I did not reach yet the top of mountain, but I had passion on it. I like hiking to the top of mountain, it was because by this adventure, I could test my adrenalin. Then, it made me more realized how beautiful the creation of God was.

In testing my adrenalin, I did any competition that was held by my school especially the competition which challenged my adrenaline. One day in that time, I followed one of competitions that were held by school that was climbing mountain side. This competition was followed by many participants. It consisted of 50 participants.

Before starting this competition, there were some preparation that might be prepared by committee. For the example, they checked all participants especially participants’ health. This checking had function to identify whether the participants were suitable to follow this competition. Besides, checking all participants’ health, the committee also prepared some medicine, doctors, and safety tools to climb the mountain side.

After finishing all requirements above, I was thankful for God. It was because I could follow the competition without any meaningful obstacle. Based on the result of health check of my body was so good.

At 10.00 o’clock, the competition of climbing the mountain side was started. In the beginning of this competition there was no meaningful obstacle. Everything worked well. Nevertheless, the time showed at 10:30, there was accident to one of participants. The name of the participants was Andi. When climbing the mountain side, his hand-grip toward the mountain side got loose. That condition made him could not maintain himself. Then, two expert climbers helped him. He was saving. Then, the competition was ended at 13:00 o’clock and I was the 1^st winner. I was so happy.

Wonderful Adventures in My life

I remembered the time when I was in Elementary School. That time was happy time to me. It was because in Elementary school, I did many activities which were very enjoying. For the example, in holiday, I and my family went to central java. There, I could meet my other families like grandmothers, grand fathers, cousins, and many others.

Besides I could meet my other families, I also could visit traditional house there for the example I visited Keraton Yogyakarta. In that keraton, I saw many instruments from central java like flute, tambourine, drum, gung, and other music instruments. I also saw many pictures of the leader from the first until the new one. From those pictures gave knowledge for me about who people that ever led Keraton Yogyakarta.

Then, when I visited keraton Yogyakarta, I also saw many tourists who visited that place. One of them was from England and she introduced herself to me. Her name was Angela. She was beautiful by having blond hair, and she had blue eyes.We gave our phone number each other. I got a new friend.

After visiting that Keraton, I and my family backed to my grandma’s house. Then, I and my family at evening continued to visit Bringharjo market. Bringharjo market was a traditional market which was every famous in central java. The first impression when I looked that market. It was so beautiful, even though it was very crowded. In that market, I walked together with my family. I saw many people who offered their goods. For the example they offered to the visitors liked clothes, pants, sandals, shoes, bags, skirts and others. Then one thing that made me interested in seeing their goods that everything in batik motif and in the cheap price. Then I and my family chose to buy clothes, bags, in batik motif. Besides those things were for me and my family themselves, they were also given for my neighbors in village. Then, after that, I and my family chose to go my grandma’s house, because it was over night. I and my family decided to take rest first, before continuing the adventure the next day in Jati Jajar cave.

Wonderful Beach, Parangtritis Beach

Paragtritis beach was one of beach that I ever met beside Pangandaran , and Kute beach. I went to Parangtritis beach when I was in senior high school. I went to this beach beside for finding the data for my final report; it was also used to fill the holiday time.

The first impression when I arrived in Parangtritis beach was very beautiful and very extraordinary. It was because the sea’s wave was so big and the sand on that beach was so white. Then, when I and my friends saw those things, we run to that beach. Nevertheless, it was very hard for us when running. It was because I and my friends used sandals or shoes when I and my friends run on the sands. For that, I and my friends decided to put off our sandals and shoes to be put another area. After that, I and my friend run to the wave easily.

Then, one thing that I wanted you to know was when you would visit this beach. You might not wear shirt or skirt (clothes) in green color. It was caused by the existence of myth in that area about the existence of Nyi Roro kidul, the master in that beach. That myth was about if there were people who would visit this beach, they were forbidden to wear clothes in green color, if those people opposed it. The people would get bad luck, or even that people would be lost in the sea and their bodies would not be found.

From the myth above, I and my friends were not brave to wear cloth in green one when we playing in that beach. Nevertheless, if there was anybody who worn the green, she/he changed into other colors. Then, if we did not bring another cloth which had another color, we were no afraid. It was caused that we could find many stores which provided clothes; especially cloth only was used on beach there. Besides, the facility above, I and my friends also got other facilities like horse (it was used to go round the beach), surfing tools and others. I and my friends really enjoyed that holiday.

My Best Friend, Haruka

In Senior high school, I had best friend from Korea. Her name was Haruka. She was beautiful, smart, and low profile. For that many people loved her, included of me myself. It was because, even though she was from foreign country that considered by many students would be arrogant with students in my school, but Haruka was different. She was a good girl.

I and Haruka became good friend each other. I was really glad in having friend like her. It was because even though she was from rich family and I was not from rich family. She wanted to have a friend like me. She wanted to share everything to me. So, did I. For the example, when she had something, like knowledge, foods, or even gift, she would give to me. Then, I did the same thing like her, for the example if my mom made a food, traditional food, I would give that food also to Haruka.

One day, I was invited by Haruka’s family to attend Haruka’s birth day. I came to Haruka’s house as shown in invitation card. I was very surprised when I looked the house of Haruka that was very luxurious, and beautiful. I felt afraid to enter Haruka’s house. For that, I only waited on the outside of Haruka’s house. I stood at fence. Then, seven minutes, I stood at fence. I saw Haruka went to out from her house. She came to me and she asked why I did not enter. I did not answer, I only smiled. Then, she said to me that her birthday would not be started without the existence of me. I was very touched in hearing that. I hugged her. Then, I and Haruka entered to Haruka’s house. Many guests looked at me and Haruka. Then, the party started. Before that, Haruka’s parents introduced me to the guests that I was the best friend for her daughter and Haruka’s family wanted me follow them to holiday in Korea next month. Many people gave applause to me and Haruka’s family. I was so touched. I felt to cry.

I was fortunate having friend like Haruka, and knew Haruka’s family.

5 Serangkai

When I am sitting under mango tree alone, I remembered my good friends a long time ago. They were Tuti, Pipit, Nurul, and Siska. At the time, they were a friend who really loyal with their own friends. It could be known from their actions every day. For the example, we went to school, backed to school, played, and studied always together. Even though, we were not in the same class(e.g. I , Tuti, and pipit were on one class and Nurul and Siska were different class with us), but we were so chummy. Even, many my other friends called us as “5 Serangkai”

At the time, I and my friends went to school at 6 o’clock in every day. It was caused by the distance between I and my friends to the school was so far. In addition, I and my friends might across river, might go around the forest to go the school. Nevertheless, I and friends did not feel tired to do that. We were very spirit full every day. If there was one of us did not meet one day. We would search our friend until we met her.

One day, after I and my friends backed to school, at 13.00 o’clock. We planned to study together in Tuti’s home especially under Tuti’s mango tree which was very calm, and cool. In addition, under Tuti’s mango tree was prepared some benches. So that, it made all people felt enjoy when staying on this place.

At 13.30 o’clock all members of 5 Serangkai completed. I, Tuti, Pipit, Nurul, and Siska came on time. We never would be late, except there was obstacle that disturbed us. At 13. 45, we started to study to discuss each other about the answer of our homework. Nevertheless, when we did not finish yet in answering our homework, there was event which happened to Tuti. Tuti had fallen to the ground from the bench that she sat. I, Pipit, Nurul and Siska were very shocked about it. Then, we all tried to make Tuti became conscious by giving the first aid. Nevertheless, God had another plan, Tuti backed to God. Tuti Died. We all were very sad.

2.PROCEDURE TEXT

Communicative purpose : To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
Generic Structure:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :

Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
Use of action verbs (turn, put)
Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

Example

How To Make Fruit Ice

Materials :

Mango
Avocado
sugar water
Milk
Ice
Apple
Strawberries
Wine
Jackfruit

Steps :

· First, Cut the fruit round or dice.

· then, Scratching the flesh of a melon.

· then, Boil sugar with water until cooked for about 30 minutes.

· Next, Put in serving glasses that have been cut round pieces or dice.

· then, to taste Pour the sugar water, put ice cubes and put milk on ice fruit.

· Last, put the decorations on the glass with a piece of strawberry on it.

How To Make Egg and Lemon Soup

Materials:

3 pints chicken stock
juice of 2 lemon
3 oz rice
salt and pepper
4 eggs, well beaten

step:

· Put stock into a pan and heat until boiling.

· Add rice and cook on low heat for fifteen minutes.

· Mix together egg and lemon juice.

· Add three tablespoons of stock to the mixture and stir.

· Stir this mixture into the remaining stock in pan.

· Add a little of salt and pepper.

· Cook gently for three minutes.

How To Make Orange Juice

Materials :

125 mL sugar
5 mL. vanilla extract
1 handful ice cubes
165 mL orange juice concentrate
250 mL milk
250 mL water

Steps :

1. Combine all ingredients in blender except ice cubes. .

2. Add ice cubes and blend until smooth.

3. Pour in a glass

How To Make Mango Juice

Materials:

A glass of ice pack
A spoon of sugar
A piece of mango
A half glass of water

Steps :

1. First, peel the mango and clean it

2. Next, cut the mango into pieces and put them into the juicer

3. Then, put the water, ice and sugar

4. After that turn on the juice and wait about 15 seconds

5. Finally, pour the mango juice into the glass and ready to drink

How to Make Tomato Soup

Materials :

8 cups of water
¼ teaspoon of pepper
small clove garlic
¼ teaspoon of butter
4 large tomatoes
spices
1 small onion
½ teaspoon of salt

Steps :

1. Cut tomatoes, onions, and garlic into small pieces.

2. Fry them in a pan with butter for five minutes.

3. Add water, spices, salt and pepper.

4. Heat until the water boils.

5. Turn down the heat and cover with lid. Cook gently for one hour.

NASI GORENG "FRIED RICE"

Ingredients :

350 gr. Long Grain Rice
2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil
3 Eggs
1 Onion
2 Green Chillis, Sambal Ulek or Sambal Badjak.
1 Garlic Clove
1 Leek
1 teaspoon Ground Coriander
1 teaspoon Ground Cumin
250 gr. Chicken meat
250 gr. Shelled Prawns
3 Tbs. Kecap Manis

Steps :

This dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh batch and leave it to cool for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make into a omelette, slice into strips and set aside. Heat the oil in a wok or large frying pan. Add the chopped onion, leek, garlic and chillis. Fry until the onion is soft. Add the Coriander and Cumin. Slice Chicken into strips and add with the prawns to the onion mixture and cook, stirring occasionally until they are well mixed. Add the rice, soya sauce and omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes.Decorate with some of the leftover leek and serve hot. Enjoy.

3.DESCRIPTION TEXT

Communicative purpose: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure:

1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)

2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features:

Focus on specific participants
Use of attributive and identifying processes
Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
Use of the Simple Present Tense

Example

The Borobudhur Temple

Borobudhur is a Hindhu-Budhist temple built in the 9^th century under the syailendra dinasty of java.lt is located near magelang on the island of java lndonesia.

Albandoned in the 11^th century and partyally wxavated by archeloghyst in the early 20^th century,Borobudhur temple is well know all over the world.

Lnfluenced by the gupta architecture of india the temple is contstructed on a hill 46m(150ft) hight and consist of eight step like stone terraces one top of the order.

The first five terraces are square and surronded by wall adronen with budhist sclupture in bast relief the upper three are circular each with a circla of bell shaped stupes (Budhist shrines)

The entry edifice is crouwned by a large stupa at the center of the top circle the way to the submit extends throught som 4.8 im of passengers and strairways.The desigh of Borobudhur a temple mountaint simbolizing the structure of the universe is similar to the temples built at angkor cambodia.

The Borobudhur temple redediched as an Indonesian national monument in 1983 is avaluable treasure fo Indonesian people.

Cleopatra

One of the most famous woman in world history was Cleopatra VII.She was the briliant and beutifful last pharaon of egypt.Historycaly,she became queen of egypty in 51 B.C at the age of eighteen she was a photemly,descended from one of Alexander the grat’s generals when she was twenty one ,Julius caesar became her lover.Seven years later she met Anthony.The romantic tragic realtionship continued until they died by suicide in 30 B.C.

Cleopatra was legendary.She was famous not only for her breathtaking beuty but also for her great intellect.She had brown eyes and they ware shaped like cat eyes.Her skin was in fact and olive shade,darker than Hollywood actress Lis Taylor who potrayed her in the film ‘Cleopatra’ in 1963.Shek brown hair about medium dark brown hair about to the middle of her shoulder blades.She had a reputation as an extradirdinarry sensuons woman.Cleopatra was woman of remarkable poise and unusual intelligence.She was higly educated.

Jatim Park

For people in East java Jatim park may have been heard many times as it is one of the famous tourist object in East.Java province.Jatim park offers a recreation place as well as a study center.

Jatim park is located at jl kartika batu,east java to reach the location is not too dificult because the object is only2,5 kilos meter from batu city.This jatim park tourist object is about 22 hectares widht.Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilitis whice can attract them as well as give new knowledge just after the pass gate the visitors will find an interesting view of.Galeri Nusantara area this sudy offering continues to step on.Jatim park is suitable for family and scholl recreation.The recreation area sites offer precius tour and can used as alternatives media of study.

Taj Mahal

Taj mahal is regared as one of the eight wonders of the world.It was built by a muslim emperor shah jhan in the memory of his dear wife at agra.Taj mahal is a mausoleum that houses the graves of queen Muntaz mahal.The mouseleum is a part of a vast compex comprising of a main gateway an elaborate garden a mosque.

The Taj stands on an raised square platform(186 x 186) with its four cornes truncated forming an unequal octagon.The architectural desigh uses the interlocking arabesque concept.In which each element stands on its own and parfectely integrates with the main structures.it uses the principles of self replicating geometry and a symmenty of architectural elements.

CAT GREOGORY

Gregory is my beautiful gray persian cat.He walks with pride ad grace performing a dance of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers easc pow with delycacy of a ballet dancer.His pride however doest not extend to his apprance for he spends most of his time indors watching television and growing fat.

He enjoys TV commersials especially those for meow mix and 9 lives.His familarity with cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands.Grogry is as finicky about visitors as he is about what he eat befrinding some and repelling.

4.NARRATIVE TEXT

Communicative purpose: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure:

1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)

2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)

3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

Language features:

Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

Example

Romeo and Juliet tragic and romantic story

There lived two families, the Capulets and the Montagues. They engaged in a bitter feud. Among the Montagues was Romeo, a hot-blooded young man with an eye for the ladies. One day, Romeo attended the feast of the Capulets', a costume party where he expected to meet his love, Rosaline, a haughty beauty from a well-to-do family. Once there, however, Romeo's eyes felt upon Juliet, and he thought of Rosaline no more.

The vision of Juliet had been invading his every thought. Unable to sleep, Romeo returned late that night to the Juliet's bedroom window. There, he was surprised to find Juliet on the balcony, professing her love for him and wishing that he were not a "Montague", a name behind his own. "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." Romeo was ready to deny his name and professed his love. The two agreed to meet at nine o-clock the next morning to be married.

Early the next morning, Romeo came to Friar Lawrence begging the friar to marry him to Juliet. The Friar performed the ceremony, praying that the union might someday put an end to the feud between the two families. He advised Romeo kept the marriage a secret for a time.

On the way home, Romeo chanced upon his friend Mercutio arguing with Tybalt, a member of the Capulet clan. That qurreling last caused Merquito died. Romeo was reluctant no longer. He drew his sword and slew Tybalt died. Romeo realized he had made a terrible mistake. Then Friar Lawrence advised Romeo to travel to Mantua until things cool down. He promised to inform Juliet.

In the other hand, Juliet's father had decided the time for her to marry with Paris. Juliet consulted Friar Lawrence and made a plot to take a sleeping potion for Juliet which would simulate death for three days. The plot proceeded according to the plan. Juliet was sleeping in death.

Unfortunately, The Friar's letter failed to reach Romeo. Under the cover of darkness, he broke into Juliet's tomb. Romeo kissed the lips of his Juliet one last time and drank the poison. Meanwhile, the effects of the sleeping potion wear off. Juliet woke up calling for Romeo. She found her love next to her but was lying dead, with a cup of poison in his hand. She tried to kiss the poison from his lips, but failed. Then Juliet put out his dagger and plunged it into her breast. She died.

Love Story "Naruto and Hinata"

Naruto was walking alone in the Konoha village, he saw Hinata and waved to her. Fortunately
Hinata turned around and walked over to him.

"Hey, Hinata, would you like to take a walk with me?" Naruto asked smilingly but Hinata blushed and looked down, quiet for a second.
"Hm? What's wrong?" Naruto ask looking at her.
"Oh! Um nothing Naruto kun. I... I love to.. walk with with you." Hinata said shyly.

Naruto placed his hands behind his head and smiled. Hinata walked by him as the two were silent for a moment. "Hinata, why are you so quiet all the time?" Naruto broke the silent.
Hinata didnt answer, then hesitated, "....I.... I've... always... been... that way." She said softly.
"I see. You need to talk more-- how am I supposed to know more about you, if you don't talk. You're always acting weird around me." Naruto pointed out.
Hinata looked at him shyly then looked down looking ashamed. "S.......sorry. I--"
"Hm?" Naruto replied not opening his mouth.
"I..... I l--li.....like y.. you!" She said finally committing her feelings. Her face blushed a deep red.

Naruto stopped walking. He didn't know what to say. Silence took ove the moment.
Tears filled in Hinata's eyes "S-sorry!" She said in a quiet tone as she took off running, ashamed. Tears flew from her eyes as she ran passed.

Naruto ran after her. But Hinata ran fast. Suddenly She tripped on a tree stump. Her face implanted in the dirt, as her hands clenched the grass and dirt. She sobbed quietly.

The story of Toba Lake

Once upon a time, there was a man who was living in north Sumatra. He lived in a simple hut in a farming field. The did some gardening and fishing for his daily life.

One day, while the man was do fishing, he caught a big golden fish in his trap. It was the biggest catch which he ever had in his life. Surprisingly, this fish turned into a beautiful princess. He felt in love with her and proposed her to be his wife. She said; "Yes, but you have to promise not to tell anyone about the secret that I was once a fish, otherwise there will be a huge disaster". The man made the deal and they got married, lived happily and had a daughter.

Few years later, this daughter would help bringing lunch to her father out in the fields. One day, his daughter was so hungry and she ate his father’s lunch. Unfortunately, he found out and got furious, and shouted; “You damned daughter of a fish”. The daughter ran home and asked her mother. The mother started crying, felt sad that her husband had broke his promise.

Then she told her daughter to run up the hills because a huge disaster was about to come. When her daughter left, she prayed. Soon there was a big earthquake followed by non-stop pouring rain. The whole area got flooded and became Toba Lake. She turned into a fish again and the man became the island of Samosir.

Story of Rabbit and Bear

Once upon a time, there lived as neighbours, a bear and a rabbit. The rabbit is a good shot. In contrary, the bear is always clumsy ad could not use the arrow to good advantage.

One day, the bear called over the rabbit and asked the rabbit to take his bow and arrows and came with bear to the other side of the hill. The rabbit was fearing to arouse the bear's anger so he could not refuse it. He consented and went with the bear and shot enough buffalo to satisfy the hungry family. Indeed he shot and killed so many that there was lots of meat left after the bear and his family had loaded themselves and packed all they could carry home.

The bear was very gluttonous and did not want the rabbit to get any of the meat. Th e rabbit could not even taste the blood from the butchering as the bear would throw earth on the blood and dry it up. The poor rabbit would have to go home hungry after his hard day's work.

The bear was the father of five children. The youngest child was very kind to the rabbit. He was very hearty eater. The mother bear always gave him an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat it. He would take it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He kicked toward the rabbit's house and when he got close to the door he would give the meat with such a great kick. The meat would fly into the rabbit's house. In this way, the poor rabbit would get his meal unknown to the papa bear.

The Legend of Sura and Baya
A long time ago, there were two animals, Sura and Baya. Sura was the name of a shark and Baya was a crocodile. They lived in a sea.
Once Sura and Baya were looking for some food. Suddenly, Baya saw a goat.
“Yummy, this is my lunch,” said Baya.
“No way! This is my lunch. You are greedy” said Sura. Then they fought for the goat. After several hours, they were very tired.
Feeling tired of fighting, they lived in the different places. Sura lived in the water and Baya lived in the land. The border was the beach, so they would never fight again.
One day, Sura went to the land and looked for some food in the river. He was very hungry and there was not much food in the sea. Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke the promise.
They fought again. They both hit each other. Sura bit Baya's tail. Baya did the same thing to Sura. He bit very hard until Sura finally gave up and Awent back to the sea. Baya was happy.

5.REPORT TEXT

Communicative purpose: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization:

1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)

2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features:

Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
Use of behavioral verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

Example

What is a tornado?
Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What is the description of tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful column of winds which spirals around a center of low atmospheric pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down from a storm cloud.

The name "tornado" derives from the Latin "tonare". It means "to thunder." While the Spanish developed the word into "tornear" which means "to turn or twist". This is why a tornado is sometimes called twister or cyclone.

The winds inside a twister can spin around at speeds up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually travels at roughly 300 miles an hour. This speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous storm.

The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards. The smaller tornadoes are known as satellite tornadoes. These small offspring, about 50 yards across, can be very fierce and do lots of damage.

The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A tornado can travel across the ground at high speeds, then it can suddenly vanish. Most tornadoes last less than twenty minutes and travel less than 15 miles. However, the super storms sometimes travel over 100 miles before they are exhausted.

Australia

Australia is a large continent. It has six states and two territories.
The capital city of Australia is Canberra. It is in the Australian Capital Territory.
The population of Australia is about 20 million. The first inhabitants to live in Australia were Aboriginal people. After that people came from all over the world. The main language is English, however many other languages are spoken.
There are many plants and animals that are only found in Australia, e.g. kangaroos, platypuses, gum trees and Waratahs.
The main products and industries are wool, minerals, oil, coal, cereals and meat.
Some famous landmarks are the Harbour Bridge, the Opera House and Uluru (Ayers Rock).

Drugs
Drugs are chemical substances. There are three different types of drugs: stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens.
Stimulants speed up the central nervous system. They increase heart rate, blood pressure and breathing. Examples are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, ecstasy and cocaine.
Depressants slow down the central nervous system. They decrease heart and breathing rates. Alcohol, heroin and analgesics are common examples of these types of drugs.
Hallucinogens change mood, thought and senses. LSD is the most well-known example of this type of drug.

A traditional market
A traditional market is the type of market where people can bargain the prices. The items sold in traditional market are basically the same. They are fruits, vegetables, meat and fish, spices, dry good and household items. At the glances, the market may seem to be disorganized mess.
Surrounding the market there are many small scale traders, usually selling fruits. This traders can not afford the cost of renting a stall inside the market.
On the first floor of the market, there are permanent kiosks and stall selling textile, stationery, clothing, electronic goods, household appliances, gold shops, etc.
On the second floor, people can buy meat and fish, fruits, vegetables, and dry goods. The sellers sell fruits and vegetables through the middle area. Meanwhile they sell dry goods in the edge area of the second floor

Venice

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.

You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.
You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.
They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.

6.ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

Communicative purpose : To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)

2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)

3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features:

Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
Usually present tense
Compound and complex sentences

Example

SHOULD CHILDREN WEAR HATS AT SCHOOL?
(Statement of position): I believe that you should always wear a hat at school when you are playing outside , to stop you from getting sunburn.
(Argument 1):
Firstly, if you don’t wear a hat, you will get sunburn ant the sunburn is painful.
(Argument 2):
Secondly, sunburn could lead to skin cancer. Sunburn can lead to health problems later in life. Many older people suffer from skin cancer which can kill them.
(Reinforcement of position statement):
In my opinion all school students should wear hats.

Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.

Students Need Laptop

Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other stuff. Additionally, in this multimedia era, students need more to reach their progressive development. Students need mobile keyboards to record every presented subject easily. Of course it will need more cost but it will deserve for its function.

First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge because the school needs to catch the target of curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in demonstrative method. Consequently students need extra media cover the subject. Since there is a laptop on every students' desk, this method will help student to get better understanding.
Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online shop which provides comprehensive information. The best is that the shop has service of online shopping. The students just need to brows that online shop, decide which computer or laptop they need, then complete the transaction. After that the laptop will be delivered to the students' houses. That is really easy and save time and money.
From all of that, having mobile computer is absolutely useful for students who want to catch the best result for their study. Buying laptop online is advisable because it will cut the price. This online way is recommended since online shop also provide several laptop types. Students just need to decide which type they really need.

Controlling Children Using Computer

Computer and internet are useful as well as powerful. Information about health and safe usage of computer and Internet, especially for children, should be owned by each family. Computer connected to internet is powerful way to socialize with others. It can be good but also bad effect. Recently we hear a lot of children get the advantage of social networking sites but we often see the news about the disadvantage of it for children. Healthy and safety of computer and Internet usage should continue to be campaigned.
The role of parent in assisting and directing children in using computer is very necessary. Installation of software monitor such as key loggerwhich has function to watch and note all activities relating to keyboard usage is helpful but not enough to protect children from potential harms. Children tend to hide what they have done in front of the computer to their parent. They see that all of they have done are their privacy and no one may know.
We can not prevent children from using computer because it is multifunctional. However, many parents worry about what their kids do in front of the computer; whether they are doing homework or even just playing games. Or spending all time to surf internet which is the materials do not fit with his age. There is a tendency, especially teenagers, want to become acquainted with many strangers out side. The lack parental supervision of children's activities is likely to pose a potential danger to them. So parental monitor against the use of computers needs to be done from time to time.

The Power of Music in our life

Do you agree that music is important in our life? Yes I do, music has certain role completing our day to day activities. Here are some reasons why music is heard everywhere and anywhere.
Music is a way to express feelings. When we fall in love, the kind of music we’d listen to would be all about love. When we’re sad, we would go for music that is melancholic in nature and immerse ourselves in the sadness. When we’re happy, we’d choose songs with happy tunes too.
Song can help to memorize the last experiences. A favorite song is a powerful documentary. People with Alzheimer which are impaired the brain would remember details about songs they were familiar with. For example, an elderly woman who couldn’t even remember her husband’s name would remember the details of her favorite song; when it was played, how it made her feel and things about the song that made it especially memorable for her.
Further, music can unite people for a cause and changes the world. A song with good lyric and striking deep chord can stimulate the universal feeling of all people. We can see it in the case of the famous and legendary Michael Jacson's Heal the World. It can arouse humanism of a lot people in this world.
So what would the world be like without music? It would be lonely.

7.HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

Communicative purpose: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)

2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)

3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features:

Emotive words: alarmed, worried
Words that qualify statements: usual probably
Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
Usually present tense
Compound and complex sentences
Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Example

NEVER TRY SMOKING
A lot of people, especially teenagers, who do not smoke, always want to try smoking. They know it is bad for them and all, but it is just something they want to try. So they ask one of their smoker friends for a cigarette. Admittedly, they firstly can not light it on their own so they ask his friend to do it. Then they inhale that cigarette and smoke occasionally.
Apparently that makes them the born smokers. Now they do smoke fairly regularly. They can not avoid smoking and they enjoy too. They have smoker friends. Everyday they bring a pack in their pocket. For them, a pack of cigarette is as important as a wallet for their money.
Suddenly, for certain reason, they realize the fact that tobacco is the cause of a long list of nasty diseases. It is not only heart disease, stroke, and chronic lung disease but also bladder, lung, and pancreatic cancer. Even it was reported that around 400,000 Americans died each year. It was one every 80 seconds from tobacco-related illnesses.

Then they decide it is stupid to harm selves. They want to quit smoking. Unfortunately, they find that quitting smoking is so difficult. “Why can't I stop smoking? I really want to stop it”. It is hard to quit because nicotine is powerfully addictive. Cigarette is one of the most efficient drug-delivery devices ever devised. As result, when people try to quit smoking, they often experience classic nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, headache, depression, and restlessness.
Well, still want to try smoke? Think the facts before trying! If you are not smoker, you should never and never try to smoke.

USE ENGLISH!

Many of us are dismayed about the quality of our education, which is not commensurate with the high cost spent on school fees. It is way below our expectations if we compare our graduates with those who studied overseas, especially concerning the mastery of English.
It is important to know that most of employments require competence in English, for office work and correspondence. Government officials, speakers, writers and observers use a lot of English.
Then the important thing is to use English as a medium in schools so that we can compete with graduates from abroad. All students have studied English since they are in junior high school. Even some of them had been introduced with English when they were in elementary school. However, lots of graduates have less English skills. Learning English is difficult but it is more difficult to customize us with it
Then it will be beneficial to have TV films in English like in Singapore. It will help to increase our graduates’ competence in English.

Should not Bring Mobile Phone to School

Recently most people own mobile phone. Why does mobile phone user increase dramatically in recent years? First, the feature and functions has increased. Mobile phone is not used just for calling, but sending text, taking pictures, recording videos, accessing internet, playing games and much more. Second, mobile phone has also become a lot cheaper. Now this communication device does not only fill the pocket of adult but also teenager and student. Even a lot phones are intentionally designed to teenaged market. However should they be allowed to bring them to school?
Many schools do not allow students to bring cell phones to school. It is very reasonable because bringing phone to school potentially disrupts the learning process. Most students use cell phones irresponsibly. They use cell phones to talk to their friend during class time. They also use the calculator and camera features in the class as well. Those potentially lead less concentration in the time of learning and teaching process.
Students go to school to learn and behave fair way. Mobile phones provide a large temptation to cheat in tests. They can communicate to anyone and almost anywhere in the world. Because of the small size of the cell phone, students can send a text quietly and discreetly. The text can go unnoticed anywhere to get help on answering tests, homework, and other class assignment. Learning in school is to behave fair not cheating.
Therefore, schools should ban students from bringing their cell phones. However it should be done fairly. In case of an emergency some student need a call for help, providing easy access to phone is better.

Where should be after High School?

The National examination result will be publicly enounced in next short time. Euphoria will flood for those who get success. In the other hand, It will be sorry to hear that there are some of them do not succeed in their national final examination. For those who succeed soon will think to decide; where will they be after graduating high school? Actually it will be easy to decide for those has been arranged and thought earlier but for those have not planed yet, it will be quite confusing.

Continuing study or looking for work is the primary choice among them. When they think about continuing study, they will think hard about the time and cost. How long the higher study will last? And how high is about the cost. In the same way, when they think about straightly seeking job, what skill and competence they have got is a big matter of questioning. So, doing both choices in the same time is an alternative.

Continuing study as well as seeking job is possibly done but it will be hard for them. Conventionally studying in the university needs much time to spend especially in the first year. It is true because they have to do and adapt a lot of things in their new higher school. it will be very hard to looking for job. Therefore it should come to their mind of continuing studying at higher school from their own home. As result, the available time will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very possible to seek job and get the appropriate one. This type of studying is publicly known as distance learning.

As the alternative method of studying, besides the conventional studying which students and the lecturer have to meet in the fixed time and place regularly, distance learning provides possibility to grow better. Possibly working and studying surely will create high quality graduate. Distance learning should appear as a considerable choice for them.

”Watching Kids While Browsing Internet”

Internet is one of important devices in student world. We can find many internet cafes anywhere. Actually, many houses have internet connection. As parents, we must know what our children are browsing in internet, because many programs have negative impacts to our children.

In our observation, in internet have positive impact, for example : student can find their task in internet, and we can find update information or news when browsing internet.

Internet also have negative impact if the parents don’t watch their children when browsing internet.

The children can open many program or website that have negative impact, for example, they can open pornography site, game online and the other programs that can make their mark go down in the school. And too much browsing internet can endanger their eyes.

8.SPOOF TEXT

Communicative purpose: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure:

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)

2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)

3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features:

Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
Use of adverb of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
Told in a chronological way

Example

“The Brain Bank”

The Brain Bank It seems there was a woman who received some bad news. Her husband had been in an automobile accident and was brain dead. The doctor told her some good news, though. They had perfected their brain transplant technique and that she was lucky there were three fresh brains in the brain bank from which to choose. A large explosion had killed a firefighter, a captain and a chief. Having insurance, she requested the cost for each of the brains. The firefighter’s brain was $10,000, the captain’s brain was $50,000 and the chief was a MILLION DOLLARS! Curious, she asked why the chief’s brain was so much more expensive. The reply.... you see the chief’s brain has never been used!

"Private Conversation"

Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking very loudly.I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young woman angrily. They did not pay any attention.In the end, I could not bear it. I turned around again. “I could not hear a word” I said angrily.“It’s none of your business” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation”

"The Boss And The Trainee"

A Man joined a big Multi National Company as a trainee. On his first day he dialed the pantry and shouted into the phone, "Get me a coffee quickly!"
The voice from the other side responded, "You fool you've dialed the wrong extension! Do you know who you're talking to, dumbo?"
No", replied the trainee.
"It's the Managing Director of the company, you fool!" The man shouted back, "And do you know who YOU are talking to, you fool?"
"No", replied the Managing Director. "Thats Good!", replied the trainee and put down the phone!

"Honey What is for Supper?"

An elderly gentleman of 85 feared his wife was getting hard of hearing. So one day he called her doctor to make an appointment to have her hearing checked. The Doctor made an appointment for a hearing test in two weeks, and meanwhile there's a simple informal test the husband could do to give the doctor some idea of the state of her problem.

“Here's what you do,” said the doctor. “Start out about 40 feet away from her, and in a normal conversational speaking tone see if she hears you. If not, go to 30 feet, then 20 feet, and so on until you get a response.”

That evening, the wife is in the kitchen cooking dinner, and he's in the living room. He says to himself, “I'm about 40 feet away, let's see what happens.” Then in a normal tone he asks, “Honey, what's for supper?”
No response.

So the husband moved to the other end of the room, about 30 feet from his wife and repeats, “Honey, what's for supper?”
Still no response.

Next he moves into the dining room where he is about 20 feet from his wife and asks, “Honey, what's for supper?”
Again he gets no response.

So he walks up to the kitchen door, only 10 feet away. “Honey, what's for supper?”
Again there is no response.

So he walks right up behind her. “Honey, what's for supper?”
“Damn it Earl, for the fifth time, CHICKEN!”

"Nasreddin’s Coat"
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old clothes.
When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change his clothes
Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the best food
Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; “Eat the food, Coat!” the hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; “What are doing?” Nasreddin replied calmly; “When I came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me”. Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.

9.EXPLANATION TEXT

Communicative purpose: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure:

1. A general statement to position the reader

2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs

3. Closing

Language features:

Focus on generic, non-human participants.
Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.

Example

How to Fly a Hot Air Balloon

A hot air balloon consists of a basket, four big gas tanks, a burner and the balloon or ‘envelope’
First, four nylon poles are put into sockets on top of the basket. The burner is then put on top of the poles. Next, the cables are connected to the burner frame. The cables also go under the basket in order to hold everything together.
After this, the hoses from the full gas tanks must be connected to the burner so that pilot can test it.
Next, the mouth of the balloon is held open by two people while it is filled with cold air from the fan until it is quite fat and tight.
Now for the difficult bit. The pilot lies on the ground, half in the basket, turns on the gas burner, and points the flame into the ‘mouth’ of the balloon. This is so that the balloon slowly stands up.
When the it is ready to go, a bit more air is heated up the in the balloon. This results in the air in the balloon to be hot enough to get the balloon to rise off the ground

Tsunami

The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.

Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.

How Day and Night Happen

The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at night. However the sun does not actually move around the earth. Earth’s turning on its axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.

The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It causes day and night. The earth also moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a year. This process is called revolution. The revolution process causes the changes of the season

Why Summer Daylight is Longger than Winter Daylight

In the summer, the amount of daylight that we get is more than we get in winter. This is not because as much people think we are closer to the sun but because of the tilt of the earth.

The earth is actually closer to the sun in winter than it is in summer but you would be forgiven for thinking that this can not be true after looking out of your window on a cold and frosty morning.

It seems strange that as the earth get closer to the sun during its orbit then the amount of daylight that we get decrease. But that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth that determine the amount of daylight that we get and so the length of time that for us the sun is above the horizon.

How does Rain Happen?

Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.

The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth's atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow.

However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

10. DISCUSSION TEXT

Communicative purpose: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic structure:

1. Opening statement presenting the issue

2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)

3. Concluding recommendation

Language features:

Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

Example

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.

Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:

It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
It produces small amount of waste.
It is reliable.

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.

People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990′s nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

THE CONTROVERSY OF HARNESSING SOLAR ENERGY

We often hear about solar cars, solar heating, and solar batteries. But will solar energy ever be a major source of energy for society? Solar energy is cheaper than other fossil fuels because we can get an abundant source from the sun. In sunny desert areas, 50% of the sun's radiation that reaches the ground could be used to produce electricity for business and industry and to provide heat, light, and hot water for homes. Experimental solar ponds can also produce hot water to drive generators.

Unfortunately, we can't yet power our homes entirely on sunlight. Solar energy can be used effectively in bright light. Its greatest potential therefor is in hot country that have clear skies for most of the year. But, unfortunately most houses are not in the sunniest part of the world. Moreover, in order to harness power solar cells are very cheap to run, but relatively expensive to buy and many people can't afford them.

Needless to say, solar energy is useful and non-pollution source of energy. Unfortunately, solar cells, the main device to harness the sun's energy are still very expensive.

National Exam in Pros and Cons

National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
Hoever there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.

Giving Children Homework

There are a lot of discussion as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time?

Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further point they make is that a lot of homeworks are pointless and does not help the children learn at all.

However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school.

Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support.

I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time.

Gift Cards Bring Advantages and Disadvantages

Gift cards become more popular during recent years. For example, in one season of holiday, sales reach $19 billion in United Stated and seem to grow more in the following season due to their convenience in the side of consumers and retailers.
In retailers side, gift cards bring them some benefits. Selling gift card in simply selling product. When the cards are sold, they will get benefit. Additionally, gift card tends to be a matter of image and trend which means it is not strictly influenced by the functionality. Since gift card is the trend, the sales will increase significantly.
However, there is potential disadvantages in the side of consumers. For example, itune gift cards apply process in the way of completing the shopping. they need do one step to another steps in processing the shopping. Likely, most of the steps apply time and date of validity or expiration. When certain step loose that validating date, the gift cards may be in risk. The gift card can be rejected to redeem. Again, in retailers side, producing card its self is costly. It means that there is additional cost which retailers have to pay.
In whatever thing, we need to be wise. if we can use that gift card effectively, the disadvantages can be reduced.

11. REVIEW TEXT

Communicative purpose: To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure:

1. Orientation ( background information on the text)

2. Evaluation (concluding statement: judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.

3. Interpretative Recount (summary of an art works including characters and plot).

4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consist of the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

Language features:

Focus on specific participants
Use of adjectives
Use of long and complex clauses
Use of metaphor
Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

Example

Rhymes of the Times

I particularly liked the first few pages of this book where the poet acknowledges those who have helped him and tells us something about his life. Too often writing is a lonely task and poetry so personal that it excludes others until they read the final result. But both poets and audiences are intimately involved in the process. Readers are not consumers looking for a pair of shoes, but people trying to discover something about how they feel, as well as understand the emotions of the person writing the poem. This spirit of openness and participation is right here from the start in this collection.

Harold is one of nine children, raised by his mother. In the Introduction he tells us about public moments that have shaped his life (Martin Luther King’s ”I Have a Dream” speech, Muhammad Ali’s “I can float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.”) as well as very private ones like attending the wedding of a girl he was still very much in love with. This not only gives us an insight into the person behind these poems, it helps us understand their inspiration and connection to things outside of the words. “The Bee in the Web” draws on the “butterfly”/”bee” of Ali’s boast, yet expands on it to a message of racial harmony as opposed to one of militant aggression and separatism.
There are some great titles (“The Martian and the Wino,” “W Stands for Wrong", ”Fasten Your Seatbelt”) and lines that make us think (“Sometimes I feel that life’s a curse, has front-wheel drive and no reverse” and the very poignant “I hate in order to protect yourself—you pack a gun or mace. So why don’t I say what the hell and hate the human race.”) There are also some bad lines: “Her skin is cream, her body is slim. Looking at her makes the average saint sin.”—perhaps, but what or who is “the average saint”? The book ends with a sweet poem by Charla Angeline Hultmann (and I really like the candor of her bio) called “Gift” and “giving” is the real spirit of this book of poetry.
I will be honest, I am not a fan of rhyme. There is a delight in adjacent sounds rubbing together—vowels held and savored, consonants clicking in a row—but “easy” rhymes (“head”/“dead”; “love”/”dove”; “moon”/”prune”) tend to overshadow poetic subtleties, determine word choice and the words themselves lose their meaning, becoming clichés. But this is the music of this poet’s generation, and there is no denying that poetry is more alive, more meaningful and more accessible than it has ever been at any other time during my life. PS I do love the “Osama” “mama” rhyme. In general I think it would benefit Harold Nash’s development to read more of the published contemporary Black poets.
But form aside, this is an honest (courageous and unflinching) look at life today—one we need to share together for the survival of us all. That is “Rhymes of the Times” message. And it is a good one.

Acer Iconia Tab A100
While the 10-inch tablet market is very crowded and highly competitive right now, when it comes to 7-inch powerful and reliable slates, there are still some gaps that need to be filled. The Iconia Tab A100 wants to do just that, being a very interesting, portable and snappy gadget.

Design and display
When talking about 7-inch tablets, the aspect is very important. The Tab A100 does not disappoint from this point of view, being elegant and classy. The front face is surrounded by glossy black plastic, while the back of the tablet is a dark gray plastic with Acer’s logo in the middle. In terms of portability, the Iconia Tab A100 is also a more than a satisfying device, being about the same size and weight as the HTC Flyer, for example.

The 7-inch touchscreen with 1024x600 pixels resolution offers great image quality, contrast and brightness, but does more of a mediocre job when talking about viewing angles. Still, the display is overall decent and holds the comparison with the HTC Flyer or the Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.

Performance and software

The Iconia Tab A100 features the already classic Nvidia Tegra 2 dual-core processor with 1 GB of RAM memory and is therefore at least as snappy and powerful as any other 7 or 10-inch tablet on the market right now. The cameras are surprisingly decent, the 2 MP front-facing and the 5 MP rear-facing devices offering pretty much the best image quality you might hope to find on a slate.

In terms of software, Acer’s 7-inch tablet is set to be a pioneer, being the first slate of its category to be powered by the Android Honeycomb OS. Not only that, but it will run on the latest 3.2 version of the operating system, which means that you will get loads of apps and snappy performance.

Connectivity and pricing

The Iconia Tab A100 is set to feature WiFi and Bluetooth compatibility, as well as a micro-USB port and a micro SD slot card. It would have been perfect if it would have featured HDMI as well, but still it is pretty decent for a 7-inch tablet.

As far as pricing is concerned, the Acer Iconia Tab A100, which has not yet been released on the market, will be available for 329 dollars( the 8 GB version) or for 349 dollars( the 16 GB version). This is consistently less than HTC Flyer’s or Blackberry Playbook’s prices, to name two of the important 7-inch tablets right now.

Wrap-up

While the Iconia Tab A500 is still struggling to become one of the important names in the tablets’ world, the from this Android tablet review it looks like a winner right away. Packing good technical specifications, as well as a decent display and a revolutionary software for a 7-inch tablet, Acer’s new slate also comes at an affordable price tag and will probably mesmerize technology fanatics all around the world.

12. ANECDOTE TEXT

Communicative purpose: retell funny story or unusual incident in fact or imagination.

Generic structure:

1. Abstract ( introduces the unusual incident, commonly in the form of question)

2. Orientation ( tells the setting of the incident)

3. Crisis ( tells the incident in detail)

4. Reaction (tells the problem solving of the incident indicates the ending of the incident)

Language feature:

1. use of past tense: I found it last night.

2. use of rhetoric question: do you know what?

3. use of conjunction of time: then, afterward

4. use of action verb: went, write

5. use of exclamation sentence: it’s awful, it’s wonderful

Example

Snake in the Bath
Abstrack : How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!

Orientation : We had just moved into a new house, which had been empety for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath room first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.

Crisis : Suddenly to my horrnoor, a snake’s head appeared in the plug-hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, sppiting and hissing at us.

Incident : For an instant I sood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily cam running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she’d probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!

Coda : We found out later that it was a black mamba, apoisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to the shock I got! Ever since then I’ve always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.

Blessing Behind Tragedy

There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.

The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned.
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.

Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.

Snake in the Bathroom
How would you like to find a snake in you bath?
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided that we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.
Suddenly to my horror, a snake's head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.
For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom.
Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she'd probably have lean over the bath to get a better look.
We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to the shock I got! Ever since then I've always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water

Taken for a Ride

In love traveling in the country, but I don’t like losing my way. I went on an excursion recently, but my trip took me longer than I expected.

“I’m going to Woodford Green,” I said to the conductor as I got on the bus, “but I don’t know where it is.”

“I’ll tell you where to get off,” answered the conductor.

I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view on the countryside. After some time, the bus stopped. Looking around, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.

“You’ll have to get off here,” the conductor said. “This is as far as we go.”

“Is this Woodford Green?” I asked.

“Oh dear,” said the conductor suddenly. “I forgot to put you off.”

“It doesn’t matter,” I said. “I’ll get off here.”

We are going back now,” said the conductor.

“Well, in that case, I would prefer to say on the bus,” I answered.

Some Things You Just Can't Explain
A farmer was sitting in the neighborhood bar getting drunk. A man came in and asked the farmer, "Hey, why are you sitting here on this beautiful day, getting drunk?" The farmer shook his head and replied, "Some things you just can't explain."
"So what happened that's so horrible?" the man asked as he sat down next to the farmer.
"Well," the farmer said, "today I was sitting by my cow, milking her. Just as I got the bucket full, she lifted her left leg and kicked over the bucket."
"Okay," said the man, "but that's not so bad." "Some things you just can't explain," the farmer replied. "So what happened then?" the man asked. The farmer said, "I took her left leg and tied it to the post on the left."
"And then?"
"Well, I sat back down and continued to milk her. Just as I got the bucket full, she took her right leg and kicked over the bucket."
The man laughed and said, "Again?" The farmer replied, "Some things you just can't explain." "So, what did you do then?" the man asked.
"I took her right leg this time and tied it to the post on the right."
"And then?"
"Well, I sat back down and began milking her again. Just as I got the bucket full, the stupid cow knocked over the bucket with her tail."
"Hmmm," the man said and nodded his head. "Some things you just can't explain," the farmer said.
"So, what did you do?" the man asked.
"Well," the farmer said, "I didn't have anymore rope, so I took off my belt and tied her tail to the rafter. In that moment, my pants fell down and my wife walked in ... Some things you just can't explain."

13. NEWS ITEM TEXT

Communicative purpose: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:

1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)

2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)

3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)

Language features:

Information on the use of head lines.
Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

Example

Undersea earthquake strikes off Maluku

JAKARTA (AP): A strong earthquake struck in eastern Indonesian waters on Tuesday, a meteorological agency said. A local official said there was no threat of a destructive tsunami, and no damage or causalities were immediately reported.
The quake, which had a preliminary magnitude of 6.1, was centered beneath the Banda Sea around 188 kilometers (117 miles) southwest of Ambon, the capital of Maluku province, the U.S. Geological Survey said on its Web site.
The tremor was not felt by residents in the region and there were no reports of damage or casualties, said Aprilianto, an official at a Jakarta-based local Meteorological and Geophysics Agency.

Indonesian Maid Tragedy

Indonesian Migrant Worker dies in Malaysia
An Indonesian migrant worker Munti Binti Bani has died on Monday after being hospitalized for several days due to alleged torture by her employees in Selangor, Malaysia.

Antara state news agency has reported that Munti had been treated at Tengku Ampuan Rahimah hospital since last Tuesday and died on Monday at 10 a.m, local time. Munti was found unconscious with her hands and feet were tied in a bathroom in Taman Sentosa housing complex last Tuesday. She was suffering from major wounds on her body and had apparently been beaten with iron.

Munti's body will be sent tomorrow to her hometown in Pondok Jeruk Barat village of Jombang, East Java after undergoing autopsy at the hospital. “We express our deep condolences as there is yet another worker who was tortured and passed away at the hospital,” Indonesia's Ambassador for Malaysia, Da'i Bachtiar said in Kuala Lumpur on Monday. “The Embassy will arrange for all compensation, including insurance, she deserves to receive,” Da'i said.

He added that Munti's employees Vanitha and Murugan had been detained and were undergoing questioning at the local police office. “We hope the police can uphold justice and punish them should they be proven to be involved in the case,” he said.

Earthquake in Los Angeles

on Wednesday evening, A 4.1 earthquake rattled parts of Southern California. Yorba Linda area bomame the senter of the temblor. The earthquake occurred at 8:17 p.m. The quake was felt over by people in a wide area of Orange counties and Los Angeles.
The earthquake was centered about two miles north of Yorba Linda and about 28 miles southeast of downtown Los Angeles. The main earthquake was 4.1 magnitude and followed by, a 2.4 magnitude quake after few minutes after the main quake. In that time thousands of people, celebrities, media and other invited guests, were being gathered at Disney's California Adventure for an event celebrating the final piece of a $1.1-billion expansion of the Anaheim park.
The Orange County Sheriff's Department said that there were no immediate reports of damage. On Wednesday evening, A 4.1 earthquake rattled parts of Southern California. Yorba Linda area bomame the senter of the temblor. The earthquake occurred at 8:17 p.m. The quake was felt over by people in a wide area of Orange counties and Los Angeles.
The earthquake was centered about two miles north of Yorba Linda and about 28 miles southeast of downtown Los Angeles. The main earthquake was 4.1 magnitude and followed by, a 2.4 magnitude quake after few minutes after the main quake. In that time thousands of people, celebrities, media and other invited guests, were being gathered at Disney's California Adventure for an event celebrating the final piece of a $1.1-billion expansion of the Anaheim park.
The Orange County Sheriff's Department said that there were no immediate reports of damage.

"Manhole covers are being stolen"

More than 30 manhole covers have been stolen in the city's Brooklyn, Queens and Bronx boroughs since early March, presumably by thieves selling them for scrap metal.
Manhole covers are stolen on occasion but the recent thefts are a marked increase. "Stealing manhole covers is dangerous," said Milovan Blair, Con Edison's vice president for Brooklyn-Queens Electric Operations. "Anyone who steals these covers creates a serious hazard for pedestrians and motorists."
The covers are made of cast iron or composite materials and can weigh as much as 300 pounds (136 kg). The high price of metals make them attractive to sell as scrap.
Witnesses have reported seeing thieves wearing utility-style clothing but without official insignia prying open covers with a car jack, loading them onto pickup trucks and driving away, Con Edison said in a statement.
News Item about Man Push Van off Train Railroad

Argentina, February 09
An unidentified man became a hero in Argentina on Tuesday February 09 after security cameras captured him pushing a stalled van off the railroad tracks as a train bore down on the vehicle.
The video shows the man jump of the back of motorcycle and push a white van across the tracks before leaping back across tracks as the train narrowly missed him.
After a brief discussion with the man driving the motorcycle, he got back on the motorcycle and the two drove away.

Tornado strikes South Bandung

Mini-tornado, hail strikes South Bandung
A “mini-tornado” coupled with a hail storm hit some areas in South Bandung on Wednesday afternoon for approximately 30 minutes.
The weather panicked residents as hail stones penetrated corrugated iron rooftops. The wind swirled things around while hail stones made thudding sounds on our roof. Residents reported that the authorities had shut down the electricity in the area to prevent short circuits
“There was no sign of rain. All of a sudden, we saw dark clouds above followed by strong winds. Afterwards, it rained hard with hail stones,” said a resident.

CLOSING

CONCLUSION
All types have tesk structure, meaning, and different functions which are very useful for learning languages aimed INNGRIS.Semua examples exist as a real form of the text to be in gunakan.Oleh therefore we should study this book in order to assist us in learning and understand the material.

ADVICE
Learn well and use this book as it should so that you will be widespread knowledge and helps us to achieve the ideals belajar.Untuk more brilliant.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Prof.Dr.Drg.H.Muh Amin.Sp.Kga.M.si

Rabu, 05 Februari 2014